Definition

Cytologic evaluation is the analysis of cells from the body under a microscope. This is done to determine what the cells look like, and how they form and function. Special stains, including antibodies, can be applied to these cells to learn more about changes going on inside them.

The test is usually used to look for cancers and precancerous changes in certain body organs. It may also be used to look for viral infections in cells. The test differs from a biopsy because only cells are examined, not pieces of tissue.

The Pap smear is a common cytologic evaluation that looks at cells from the cervix. Some other examples include:

• Cytology exam of fluid from the membrane around the lungs (pleural fluid)
• Cytology exam of urine
• Cytology exam of saliva mixed with mucus and other matter that is coughed up (sputum)

Alternative Names

Cell evaluation; Cytology

References

Aster JC, Abbas AK, Kumar V, Debnath J, Das A. Neoplasia. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, eds. Robbins, Cotran & Kumar Pathologic Basis of Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 7.

Vergani PV. How do pathologists help patient care? In: Cross SS, ed. Underwood's Pathology. 18th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Limited; 2025:chap 12.